THEMIS

Polar lights seen from the ground (source: University of California, Berkeley).

In regions close to the polar circles highly dynamic polar lights can be seen regularly. They often move equatorward and exhibit many different colors. Such an event may indicate the start of a magnetic substorm, during which energetic particles are accelerated and move from the magnetosphere along the magnetic field lines into the upper atmosphere. During substorms records of the geomagnetic field exhibit very rapid variations.

Substorm onset in the geomagnetic tail. Magnetic field lines merge (reconnection), plasma is accelerated towards the Earth (source: NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center - Conceptual Image Lab).

In order to enhance our understanding of the plasmaphysical processes causing a substorm as well as to ascertain its development in space, the THEMIS mission (Time History of Events and Macroscopic Interactions during Substorms) was selected by NASA in March 2003 out of 42 competing proposals as a Medium Class Explorer (MIDEX) Mission. It consists of 5 spacecraft, which surround the Earth on highly elliptical orbits, and numerous ground stations located in the northern parts of the United States and Canada. With their help the temporal course of events during a substorm is being investigated. The particle populations in the radiation belts, the direct solar wind interaction with the terrestrial magnetic field and its indirect interaction with the ionospheric regions constitute other areas of scientific interest.

Sensor of the fluxgate magnetometer, encapsulated and mounted on the boom of one of the THEMIS spacecraft (source: University of California, Berkeley).

The scientific payload of the five THEMIS spacecraft consists of a fluxgate magnetometer (FGM), instruments for the detection of low energetic particles (electrostatic analyzer, ESA) as well as high energetic particles (solid state telescope, SST), a search coil magnetometer (SCM), and an electric field instrument (EFI). One of the main instruments, the fluxgate magnetometer, was developed at the Institute for Geophysics and Extraterrestrial Physics of the University of Braunschweig. The calibration of the magnetometers was carried out in close cooperation with the Institute of Space Research in Graz.

The THEMIS Team at the IGEP

Karl-Heinz Glaßmeier (Lead Investigator)
Hans-Ulrich Auster (Chief Engineer)
Karl-Heinz Fornaçon (Sensor Development)
Kai Okrafka (Experiment Tests)
Ingo Richter (Calibration)
Yasuhito Narita (Data Processing and Scientific Analysis)
Dragos Constantinescu (Data Processing and Scientific Analysis)
Ferdinand Plaschke (Data Processing and Scientific Analysis)

This project is financially supported by the German Bundesministerium für Wirtschaft und Technologie and the Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt under contract (Förderkennzeichen) 50 OC 0302.

MISSION PROGRESS

Separation of the THEMIS spacecraft from the launching vehicle (source: NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center - Conceptual Image Lab).

Orbits of the mission main phase: THEMIS spacecraft aligned in the antisunward magnetic tail region of the Earth. The Sun is visible in the background (source: NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center - Scientific Visualization Studio).

The five THEMIS spacecraft were launched from the Kennedy Space Center at Cape Canaveral (Florida, USA) on February 17^th, 2007. Launch and separation of the satellites from the launching vehicle were carried out smoothly. In the first months of operation (the coast phase) the five spacecraft were flying in a row on a common orbit. This string-of-pearls configuration has proven to be particularly helpful for the investigation of dayside wave phenomena occurring inside the magnetosphere and on its outer boundary, the magnetopause. The injection of the spacecraft into their final orbits took place in September, 2007. In this main mission configuration the probes align themselves at their apogees with the THEMIS ground stations. This configuration is, hence, optimal for the investigation of the spatial and temporal evolution of substorms. At the end of mission a second major configuration change is planned: Two of the spacecraft may be injected into a stabile orbit around the Moon to research its interaction with the solar wind and the magnetosphere of the Earth.

PUBLICATIONS

Publications until April 2009

Anderson, L., R. E. Ergun, J. Tao, A. Roux, O. LeContel, V. Angelopoulos, J. Bonnell, J. P. McFadden, D. E. Larson, S. Eriksson, T. Johansson, C. M. Cully, D. N. Newman, M. V. Goldman, K.-H. Glassmeier, and W. Baumjohann, New features of electron phase space holes observed by the THEMIS mission, Phys. Rev. Lett., 102, 225004, doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.102.225004, 2009.
Cheng, C.-C., C. T. Russell, V. Angelopoulos, I. Mann, K. H. Glassmeier, U. Auster, and W. Baumjohann, THEMIS observations of consecutive bursts of Pi2 pulsations: The 20 April 2007 event, J. Geophys. Res., 114, A00C19, doi:10.1029/2008JA013538, 2009.
Ergun, R. E., L. Andersson, J. Tao, V. Angelopoulos, J. Bonnell, J. P. McFadden, D. E. Larson, S. Eriksson, T. Johansson, C. M. Cully, D. N. Newman, M. V. Goldman, A. Roux, O. LeContel, K.-H. Glassmeier, and W. Baumjohann, Observations of Double Layers in Earth′s Plasma Sheet, Phys. Rev. Lett., 102, 155002, doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.102.155002, 2009.
Eriksson, S., H. Hasegawa, W.-L. Teh, B. U. Ö. Sonnerup, J. P. McFadden, K.-H. Glassmeier, O. Le Contel, V. Angelopoulos, C. M. Cully, D. E. Larson, R. E. Ergun, A. Roux, C. W. Carlson, Magnetic island formation between large-scale flow vortices at an undulating postnoon magnetopause for northward interplanetary magnetic field, J. Geophys. Res., 114, A00C17, doi:10.1029/2008JA013505, 2009.
Gabrielse, C., V. Angelopoulos, A. Runov, H. U. Frey, J. McFadden, D. E. Larson, K.-H. Glassmeier, S. Mende, C. T. Russell, S. Apatenkov, K. R. Murphy, and I. J. Rae, Timing and localization of near-Earth tail and ionospheric signatures during a substorm onset, J. Geophys. Res., 114, A00C13, doi:10.1029/2008JA013583, 2009.
Johansson, T., J. W. Bonnell, C. Cully, E. Donovan, J. Raeder, S. Eriksson, L. Andersson, R. E. Ergun, V. Angelopoulos, J. McFadden, K.-H. Glassmeier, and I. Mann, Observation of an inner magnetosphere electric field associated with a BBF-like flow and PBIs, Ann. Geophys., 27, 1489-1500, 2009.
Keika, K., R. Nakamura, W. Baumjohann, V. Angelopoulos, P. J. Chi, K. H. Glassmeier, M. Fillingim, W. Magnes, H. U. Auster, K. H. Fornaçon, G. D. Reeves, K. Yumoto, E. A. Lucek, C. M. Carr, and I. Dandouras, Substorm expansion triggered by a sudden impulse front propagating from the dayside magnetopause, J. Geophys. Res., 114, A00C24, doi:10.1029/2008JA013445, 2009.
Keiling, A., V. Angelopoulos, A. Runov, J. Weygand, S. V. Apatenkov, S. Mende, J. McFadden, D. Larson, O. Amm, K.-H. Glassmeier, and H. U. Auster, Substorm current wedge driven by plasma flow vortices: THEMIS observations, J. Geophys. Res., 114, A00C22, doi:10.1029/2009JA014114, 2009.
Kiehas, S. A., V. S. Semenov, M. V. Kubyshkina, V. Angelopoulos, R. Nakamura, K. Keika, V. V. Ivanova, H. K. Biernat, W. Baumjohann, S. Mende, W. Magnes, U. Auster, K.-H. Fornaçon, D. Larson, C. W. Carlson, J. Bonnell, and J. McFadden, First application of a Petschek-type reconnection model with time-varying reconnection rate to THEMIS observations, J. Geophys. Res., 114, A00C20, doi:10.1029/2008JA013528, 2009.
Kubyshkina, M., V. Sergeev, N. Tsyganenko, V. Angelopoulos, A. Runov, H. Singer, K. H. Glassmeier, H. U. Auster, and W. Baumjohann, Toward adapted time-dependent magnetospheric models: A simple approach based on tuning the standard model, J. Geophys. Res., 114, A00C21, doi:10.1029/2008JA013547, 2009.
Le Contel, O., A. Roux, C. Jacquey, P. Robert, M. Berthomier, T. Chust, B. Grison, V. Angelopoulos, D. Sibeck, C. C. Chaston, C. M. Cully, B. Ergun, K.-H. Glassmeier, U. Auster, J. McFadden, C. Carlson, D. Larson, J. W. Bonnell, S. Mende, C. T. Russell, E. Donovan, I. Mann, and H. Singer, Quasi-parallel whistler mode waves observed by THEMIS during near-earth dipolarizations, Ann. Geophys., 27, 2259-2275, 2009.
Li, W., R. M. Thorne, V. Angelopoulos, J. W. Bonnell, J. P. McFadden, C. W. Carlson, O. LeContel, A. Roux, K. H. Glassmeier, and H. U. Auster, Evaluation of whistler-mode chorus intensification on the nightside during an injection event observed on the THEMIS spacecraft, J. Geophys. Res., 114, A00C14, doi:10.1029/2008JA013554, 2009.
Li, W., R. M. Thorne, V. Angelopoulos, J. Bortnik, C. M. Cully, B. Ni, O. LeContel, A. Roux, U. Auster, and W. Magnes, Global distribution of whistler-mode chorus waves observed on the THEMIS spacecraft, Geophys. Res. Lett., 36, L09104, doi:10.1029/2009GL037595, 2009.
Liu, J., V. Angelopoulos, H. Frey, J. McFadden, D. Larson, K. Glassmeier, S. Mende, C. T. Russell, I. J. Rae, K. R. Murphy, and S. Apatenkov, THEMIS observation of a substorm event on 04:35, 22 February 2008, Ann. Geophys., 27, 1831-1841, 2009.
Liu, W. L., X. Li, T. Sarris, C. Cully, R. Ergun, V. Angelopoulos, D. Larson, A. Keiling, K. H. Glassmeier, and H. U. Auster, Observation and modeling of the injection observed by THEMIS and LANL satellites during the 23 March 2007 substorm event, J. Geophys. Res., 114, A00C18, doi:10.1029/2008JA013498, 2009.
Mende, S. B., H. U. Frey, J. McFadden, C. W. Carlson, V. Angelopoulos, K.-H. Glassmeier, D. G. Sibeck, and A. Weatherwax, Coordinated observation of the dayside magnetospheric entry and exit of the THEMIS satellites with ground-based auroral imaging in Antarctica, J. Geophys. Res., 114, A00C23, doi:10.1029/2008JA013496, 2009.
Plaschke, F., K.-H. Glassmeier, H. U. Auster, V. Angelopoulos, O. D. Constantinescu, K.-H. Fornaçon, E. Georgescu, W. Magnes, J. P. McFadden, and R. Nakamura, Statistical study of the magnetopause motion: First results from THEMIS, J. Geophys. Res., 114, A00C10, doi:10.1029/2008JA013423, 2009.
Plaschke, F., K.-H. Glassmeier, H. U. Auster, O. D. Constantinescu, W. Magnes, V. Angelopoulos, D. G. Sibeck, and J. P. McFadden, Standing Alfvén waves at the magnetopause, Geophys. Res. Lett., 36, L02104, doi:10.1029/2008GL036411, 2009.
Runov, A., V. Angelopoulos, V. A. Sergeev, K.-H. Glassmeier, U. Auster, J. McFadden, D. Larson, and I. Mann, Global properties of magnetotail current sheet flapping: THEMIS perspectives, Ann. Geophys., 27, 319-328, 2009.
Sarris, T. E., W. Liu, K. Kabin, X. Li, S. R. Elkington, R. Ergun, R. Rankin, V. Angelopoulos, J. Bonnell, K. H. Glassmeier, and U. Auster, Characterization of ULF pulsations by THEMIS, Geophys. Res. Lett., 36, L04104, doi:10.1029/2008GL036732, 2009.
Shiokawa, K., A. Ieda, A. Nakajima, K. Sakaguchi, R. Nomura, T. Aslaksen, M. Greffen, E. Spanswick, E. Donovan, S. B. Mende, J. McFadden, K.-H. Glassmeier, V. Angelopoulos, and Y. Miyashita, Longitudinal development of a substorm brightening arc, Ann. Geophys., 27, 1935-1940, 2009.
Zhang, H., Q.-G. Zong, D. G. Sibeck, T. A. Fritz, J. P. McFadden, K.-H. Glassmeier, and D. Larson, Dynamic motion of the bow shock and the magnetopause observed by THEMIS spacecraft, J. Geophys. Res., 114, A00C12, doi:10.1029/2008JA013488, 2009.
Zhou, X.-Z., V. Angelopoulos, A. Runov, M. I. Sitnov, F. Coroniti, P. Pritchett, Z. Y. Pu, Q.-G. Zong, J. P. McFadden, D. Larson, and K.-H. Glassmeier, Thin current sheet in the substorm late growth phase: Modeling of THEMIS observations, J. Geophys. Res., 114, A03223, doi:10.1029/2008JA013777, 2009.

Publications in 2008

Angelopoulos, V., J. P. McFadden, D. Larson, C. W. Carlson, S. B. Mende, H. Frey, T. Phan, D. G. Sibeck, K.-H. Glassmeier, U. Auster, E. Donovan, I. R. Mann, I. J. Rae, C. T. Russell, A. Runov, X.-Z. Zhou, and L. Kepko, Tail reconnection triggering substorm onset, Science, 321, 5891, 931-935, doi:10.1126/science.1160495, 2008.
Angelopoulos, V., D. Sibeck, C. W. Carlson, J. P. McFadden, D. Larson, R. P. Lin, J. W. Bonnell, F. S. Mozer, R. Ergun, C. Cully, K. H. Glassmeier, U. Auster, A. Roux, O. LeContel, S. Frey, T. Phan, S. Mende, H. Frey, E. Donovan, C. T. Russell, R. Strangeway, J. Liu, I. Mann, J. Rae, J. Raeder, X. Li, W. Liu, H. J. Singer, V. A. Sergeev, S. Apatenkov, G. Parks, M. Fillingim, and J. Sigwarth, First Results from the THEMIS Mission, Space Sci. Rev., 141, 453-476, doi:10.1007/s11214-008-9378-4, 2008.
Auster, H. U., K. H. Glassmeier, W. Magnes, O. Aydogar, D. Constantinescu, D. Fischer, K. H. Fornacon, E. Georgescu, P. Harvey, O. Hillenmaier, R. Kroth, M. Ludlam, Y. Narita, R. Nakamura, K. Okrafka, F. Plaschke, I. Richter, H. Schwarzl, B. Stoll, A. Valavanoglu, and M. Wiedemann, The THEMIS fluxgate magnetometer, Space Sci. Rev., 141, 235-264, doi:10.1007/s11214-008-9365-9, 2008.
Chaston, C., J. Bonnell, J. P. McFadden, C. W. Carlson, C. Cully, O. Le Contel, A. Roux, H. U. Auster, K. H. Glassmeier, V. Angelopoulos, and C. T. Russell, Turbulent heating and cross-field transport near the magnetopause from THEMIS, Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L17S08, doi:10.1029/2008GL033601, 2008.
Donovan, E., W. Liu, J. Liang, E. Spanswick, I. Voronkov, M. Connors, M. Syrjasuo, G. Baker, B. Jackel, T. Trondsen, M. Greffen, V. Angelopoulos, C. T. Russell, S. B. Mende, H. U. Frey, A. Keiling, C. W. Carlson, J. P. McFadden, K.-H. Glassmeier, U. Auster, K. Hayashi, K. Sakaguchi, K. Shiokawa, J. A. Wild, and I. J. Rae, Simultaneous THEMIS in situ and auroral observations of a small substorm, Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L17S18, doi:10.1029/2008GL033794, 2008.
Eastwood, J. P., D. G. Sibeck, V. Angelopoulos, T. D. Phan, S. D. Bale, J. P. McFadden, C. M. Cully, S. B. Mende, D. Larson, S. Frey, C. W. Carlson, K.-H. Glassmeier, H. U. Auster, A. Roux, and O. Le Contel, THEMIS observations of a hot flow anomaly: Solar wind, magnetosheath, and ground-based measurements, Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L17S03, doi:10.1029/2008GL033475, 2008.
Gabrielse, C., V. Angelopoulos, A. Runov, L. Kepko, K. H. Glassmeier, H. U. Auster, J. McFadden, C. W. Carlson, and D. Larson, Propagation characteristics of plasma sheet oscillations during a small storm, Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L17S13, doi:10.1029/2008GL033664, 2008.
Glassmeier, K.-H., H.-U. Auster, D. Constantinescu, K. Fornaçon, Y. Narita, F. Plaschke, V. Angelopoulos, E. Georgescu, W. Baumjohann, W. Magnes, R. Nakamura, C. W. Carlson, S. Frey, J. P. McFadden, T. Phan, I. Mann, I. J. Rae, and J. Vogt, Magnetospheric quasi-static response to the dynamic magnetosheath: A THEMIS case study, Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L17S01, doi:10.1029/2008GL033469, 2008.
Keiling, A., V. Angelopoulos, D. Larson, R. Lin, J. McFadden, C. Carlson, J. W. Bonnell, F. S. Mozer, K.-H. Glassmeier, H. U. Auster, W. Magnes, S. Mende, H. Frey, A. Roux, O. LeContel, S. Frey, T. Phan, E. Donovan, C. T. Russell, I. Mann, W. Liu, X. Li, M. Fillingham, G. Parks, K. Shiokawa, and J. Raeder, Correlation of substorm injections, auroral modulations, and ground Pi2, Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L17S22, doi:10.1029/2008GL033969, 2008.
Keiling, A., V. Angelopoulos, D. Larson, J. McFadden, C. Carlson, M. Fillingim, G. Parks, S. Frey, K.-H. Glassmeier, H. U. Auster, W. Magnes, W. Liu, and X. Li, Multiple intensifications inside the auroral bulge and their association with plasma sheet activities, J. Geophys. Res., 113, A12216, doi:10.1029/2008JA013383, 2008.
Kepko, L., J. Raeder, V. Angelopoulos, J. McFadden, D. Larson, H. U. Auster, W. Magnes, H. U. Frey, C. Carlson, M. Henderson, S. B. Mende, K. Yumoto, H. J. Singer, G. Parks, I. Mann, C. T. Russell, E. Donovan, and R. McPherron, Highly periodic stormtime activations observed by THEMIS prior to substorm onset, Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L17S24, doi:10.1029/2008GL034235, 2008.
Le Contel, O., A. Roux, P. Robert, C. Coillot, A. Bouabdellah, B. de la Porte, D. Alison, S. Ruocco, V. Angelopoulos, K. Bromund, C. C. Chaston, C. Cully, H. U. Auster, K. H. Glassmeier, W. Baumjohann, C. W. Carlson, J. P. McFadden, and D. Larson, First results of the THEMIS searchcoil magentometers, Space Sci. Rev., 141, 509-534, doi: 10.1007/s11214-008-9371-y, 2008.
Liu, J., V. Angelopoulos, D. Sibeck, T. Phan, Z. Y. Pu, J. McFadden, K. H. Glassmeier, and H. U. Auster, THEMIS Observations of the Dayside Traveling Compression Region and Flows Surrounding Flux Transfer Events, Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L17S07, doi:10.1029/2008GL033673, 2008.
Ludlam, M., V. Angelopoulos, E. Taylor, R. C. Snare, J. D. Means, Y. S. Ge, P. Narvaez, H. U. Auster, O. Le Contel, D. Larson, and T. Moreau, The THEMIS Magnetic Cleanliness Program, Space Sci. Rev., 141, 171-184, doi:10.1007/s11214-008-9423-3, 2008.
Lui, A. T. Y., D. G. Sibeck, T. Phan, V. Angelopoulos, J. McFadden, C. Carlson, D. Larson, J. Bonnell, K.-H. Glassmeier, and S. Frey, Reconstruction of a magnetic flux rope from THEMIS observations, Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L17S05, doi:10.1029/2007GL032933, 2008.
Lui, A. T. Y., D. G. Sibeck, T. Phan, J. P. McFadden, V. Angelopoulos, and K.-H. Glassmeier, Reconstruction of a flux transfer event based on observations from five THEMIS satellites, J. Geophys. Res., 113, A00C01, doi:10.1029/2008JA013189, 2008.
Lui, A. T. Y., V. Angelopoulos, O. LeContel, H. Frey, E. Donovan, D. G. Sibeck, W. Liu, H. U. Auster, D. Larson, X. Li, M. Nosé, and M. Fillingim, Determination of the Substorm Initiation Region from a Major Conjunction Interval of THEMIS Satellites, J. Geophys. Res., 113, A00C04, doi:10.1029/2008JA013424, 2008.
Mann, I. R., D. K. Milling, I. J. Rae, L. G. Ozeke, A. Kale, Z. C. Kale, K. R. Murphy, A. Parent, M. Usanova, D. M. Pahud, E.-A. Lee, V. Amalraj, D. D. Wallis, V. Angelopoulos, K.-H. Glassmeier, C. T. Russell, H.-U. Auster, and H. J. Singer, The Upgraded CARISMA Magnetometer Array in the THEMIS Era, Space Sci. Rev., 141, 413-451, doi:10.1007/s11214-008-9457-6.
McFadden, J. P., T. D. Phan, C. W. Carlson, V. Angelopoulos, K.-H. Glassmeier, and U. Auster, Structure of the subsolar magnetopause regions during northward IMF: First results from THEMIS, Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L17S09, doi:10.1029/2008GL033630, 2008.
McFadden, J. P., C. W. Carlson, D. Larson, J. W. Bonnell, F. S. Mozer, V. Angelopoulos, K.-H. Glassmeier, and U. Auster, Structure of plasmaspheric plumes and their participation in magnetopause reconnection: First results from THEMIS, Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L17S10, doi:10.1029/2008GL033677, 2008.
McFadden, J. P., C. W. Carlson, D. Larson, J. Bonnell, F. Mozer, V. Angelopoulos, K.-H. Glassmeier, and U. Auster, THEMIS ESA first science results and performance issues, Space Sci. Rev.,141, 477-508, doi:10.1007/s11214-008-9433-1, 2008.
Mozer, F. S., V. Angelopoulos, J. Bonnell, K. H. Glassmeier, and J. P. McFadden, THEMIS observations of modified Hall fields in asymmetric magnetic field reconnection, Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L17S04, doi:10.1029/2007GL033033, 2008.
Øieroset, M., T. D. Phan, V. Angelopoulos, J. P. Eastwood, J. McFadden, D. Larson, C. W. Carlson, K.-H. Glassmeier, M. Fujimoto, and J. Raeder, THEMIS multi-spacecraft observations of magnetosheath plasma penetration deep into the dayside low-latitude magnetosphere for northward and strong By IMF, Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L17S11, doi:10.1029/2008GL033661, 2008.
Runov, A., V. Angelopoulos, N. Ganushkina, R. Nakamura, J. McFadden, D. Larson, I. Dandouras, K.-H. Glassmeier, and C. Carr, Multi-point observations of the inner boundary of the plasma sheet during geomagnetic disturbances, Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L17S13, doi:10.1029/2008GL033982, 2008.
Runov, A., V. Angelopoulos, X.-Z. Zhou, I. O. Voronkov, M. V. Kubyshkina, R. Nakamura, C. W. Carlson, H. U. Frey, J. McFadden, D. Larson, S. B. Mende, K.-H. Glassmeier, U. Auster, and H. J. Singer, Multipoint in situ and ground-based observations during auroral intensifications, J. Geophys. Res., 113, A00C07, doi: 10.1029/2008JA013493, 2008.
Sibeck, D. G., M. Kuznetsova, V. Angelopoulos, K.-H. Glassmeier, and J. P. McFadden, Crater FTEs: Simulation results and THEMIS 0bservations, Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L17S06, doi:10.1029/2008GL033568, 2008.
Usanova, M. E., I. R. Mann, I. J. Rae, Z. C. Kale, V. Angelopoulos, J. W. Bonnell, K.-H. Glassmeier, H. U. Auster, and H. J. Singer, Multipoint Observations of Magnetospheric Compression-related EMIC Pc1 Waves by THEMIS and CARISMA., Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L17S25, doi:10.1029/2008GL034458, 2008.
Wang, C.-P., L. R. Lyons, V. Angelopoulos, D. Larson, J. P. McFadden, S. Frey, H.-U. Auster, and W. Magnes, THEMIS observations of penetration of the plasma sheet into the ring current region during a magnetic storm, Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L17S14, doi:10.1029/2008GL033375, 2008.

Applied Geophysics		Planet Formation		Space Physics & Space Sensorics

				figure: ESA